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The term revolutionary socialism refers to socialist tendencies that subscribe to the doctrine that social revolution is necessary in order to affect structural changes to society. More specifically, it is the view that revolution is a necessary precondition for a transition from capitalism to socialism. Revolution is not necessarily defined as a violent insurrection; it is defined as seizure of political power by mass movements of the working class so that the state is directly controlled by the working class as opposed to the capitalist class and its interests.〔(What Revolutionary Socialism Means ) by Carl D. Thompson.〕 Revolutionary socialists believe such a state of affairs is a precondition for establishing socialism. Revolutionary socialism encompasses multiple social and political movements that may define "revolution" differently from one another. These include movements based on Orthodox Marxist theory, such as Luxemburgism, Impossibilism, and DeLeonism; as well as movements based on Leninism and the theory of Vanguardist-led revolution, such as Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, and Maoism. Revolutionary socialism also includes non-Marxist movements like anarchism, revolutionary syndicalism, and some forms of democratic socialism. It is used in contrast to the reformism of social democracy, which is not anti-capitalist in form. Revolutionary socialism is opposed to social movements that seek to gradually ameliorate the economic and social problems of capitalism through political reform. Revolutionary socialism also exists in contrast to the concept of small revolutionary groups seizing power without first achieving mass support, termed Blanquism. ==Origins== In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote:〔()〕 24 years after the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels admitted that in developed countries "labour may attain its goal by peaceful means".〔"... we do not deny that there are countries like England and America... where labour may attain its goal by peaceful means." Marx, 18 September 1872, at the Hague Congress of the International, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm, K. Marx and F. Engels, On Britain, Foreign Languages Press, Moscow, 1962〕 Marxist scholar Adam Schaff argued that Marx, Engels and Lenin have expressed such view "on many occasions".〔"Both Marx and Engels and, later, Lenin on many occasions referred to a ''peaceful'' revolution, that is, one attained by a class struggle, but not by violence." Schaff, Adam, 'Marxist Theory on Revolution and Violence', p. 263. in Journal of the history of ideas, Vol 34, no.2 (Apr-Jun 1973)〕 By contrast, the Blanquist view emphasised the overthrow by force of the ruling elite in government by an active minority of revolutionaries, who then proceed to implement socialist change, disregarding the state of readiness of society as a whole and the mass of the population in particular for revolutionary change. In 1875 Social Democratic Party of Germany published a somewhat reformist Gotha Program, which was attacked by Marx in Critique of the Gotha Program, where he reiterated the need for dictatorship of the proletariat. The reformist viewpoint was introduced into Marxist thought by Eduard Bernstein, one of the leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). From 1896 to 1898, Bernstein published a series of articles entitled "Probleme des Sozialismus" ("Problems of Socialism"). These articles led to a debate on revisionism in the SPD, and can be seen as the origins of a reformist trend within Marxism. In 1900, Rosa Luxemburg wrote ''Social Reform or Revolution'', a polemic against Bernstein's position. The work of reforms, Luxemburg argued, could only be carried on, "in the framework of the social form created by the last revolution". In order to advance society to socialism from the capitalist 'social form', a social revolution will be necessary:〔(Luxemburg, Rosa, ''Social Reform or Revolution'', Chapter 8, ''Conquest of Political Power'' ), accessed 1 July 2007. ''Rosa Luxemburg Speaks'', p107-8, Pathfinder, (1970)〕 Vladimir Lenin attacked Bernstein’s position in his ''What is to be Done''. When Bernstein first put forward his ideas the majority of the SPD rejected them. The 1899 Congress of the SPD reaffirmed the Erfurt programme, as did the 1901 congress. The 1903 congress denounced "revisionist efforts". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「revolutionary socialism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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